Rock and Roll vs Rap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rock and Roll vs Rap - Essay Example Soon the American rock style began to influence other genres. Places like Southern California produced their own varieties of pop music, such as surf. Young adults and teenagers across the country were playing in amateur rock bands, laying the roots for local scenes which would pave the way for garage rock and the so-called San Francisco Sound. Rock has encountered several stages of development since the beginning of the 50s, and the tendencies in modern rock include alternative bands (Radiohead, Muse), so-called pop-rock (Blink-182, Green Day) and others (George-Warren 26). Rap music in its widely recognized form appeared much later than rock and roll. The roots of hip hop music are in West African and African American music. Originally, early rappers of the 70s focused on introducing themselves and others in the audience (the origin of the still common practice of "shouting out" on hip hop records). These early performers often emceed for hours at a time, with some improvisation and a simple four-count beat, along with a basic chorus to allow the performer to gather his thoughts (such as "one, two, three, y'all, to the beat, y'all"). The 1980s saw intense diversification in hip hop, which developed into a more complex form.

Positive changes to the communication environment Essay Example for Free

Positive changes to the communication environment Essay There are many positive changes to the communication environment which can be made to support the communication development of children with BSED, and some have already been outlined in Assessment 2.2 and 2.3. Other positive changes may include using visual support in the form of picture cards, makaton signs or even pointing to objects when speaking. This gives further clarification to our speech and helps a child with communication difficulties understand what is being taught or requested of them, which in turn will prevent any confusion and misunderstanding which could lead to undesired behavior being displayed. To assist a child’s understanding of our instructions, we should also speak clearly and slowly, using simple age appropriate language in simple sentence structures. Asking the child to reiterate what is being asked of them can help ensure they understand, although in some children they may not have the vocabulary to do this. With those children, we could demonstrate our request i.e. asking ‘please help tidy up’ can be reinforced by picking up blocks and putting them in the box and indicating for the child to assist. In older children using written and verbal language, we should again ensure they understand by reading through any signs or written documents with them, pointing out and explaining any key words and reiterating any importance. Similarly, storage for toys and equipment could be labeled with words and pictures, so each child knows where items belong when they need to be put away, and also where to find them if they need them. Staff, including volunteers could offer regular one to one direct support to the child for their communication skills whether this is assistance with reading or phonics. This allows the child to learn in a quieter and less pressured environment and gives them extra precious time to potentially develop the skills which their peers already have. All staff should be given extra training and be made more aware of the difficulties that children with  SLCN and BSED experience in order to offer extra support successfully. As already mentioned, creating a calmer and quieter environment with fewer distractions can help most people concentrate better, but will work exceptionally well for a child who is already easily distracted due to their BSED. Minimal distractions allow the adult to spend more quality time supporting the child, making it easier to communicate as the child is more focused and therefore more receptive to learning. In any environment there needs to be clear boundaries and rules, and these need to be made easy to understand and achieve for children of all ages and abilities. A consistent approach to dealing with conflicts regarding rules helps to avoid any misunderstanding for the child. As already mentioned, a child seeking attention will gain this in the way easiest to him or her, and if attention is usually only given following negative behavior, then this how the child is likely to behave. Positive encouragement and praise should be given as often and as emphasized as negative comments as this will help the child acknowledge that good behaviour is just as, if not more so rewarded than undesirable behaviour. Unfortunately in society there is a stigma attached to people with SCLN and/or BSED, and a less than favourable opinion can be formed by a child when witnessing how an adult deals with a child’s behaviour. It is therefore imperative that we show no discrimination towards a child with SLCN or BSED, nor make them feel any different or inferior to their peers. All children can benefit from having information clarified and reiterated especially rules and boundaries, so this doesn’t need to be a direct communication just towards the child with extra needs. If a child is made to feel different than their peers in a classroom, they may react to this in a negative manner as it accentuates their extra needs and draws attention to them which may be unwanted. Their reactions may be to become more withdrawn and show less pro-social skills, or to display disruptive or even aggressive behaviour in order to express their feelings of upset. A child with BSED and communication difficulties may not understand their work or what is required of them and we must encourage ways of the child asking for help, as well as  us pro offering support. One way to do this within a classroom environment could be to use playing cards, with each pupil having a card each, and if they require help they can turn the card over on their desk, so only the teacher can see, avoiding drawing attention to themselves by having to put their hand up and request help and reducing any embarrassment they may feel. Simple reward charts work well with most children but need to be realistic regarding expectations and consistent in recognizing achievements. This could be done as an overall class chart or individual charts for each child aimed at specific development areas. The school my 5 year old daughter attends uses a ‘traffic light’ system to acknowledge good and negative behaviour. All children begin with their name tag on green, however if negative behaviour is witnessed then they move to amber – if the behaviour improves, they move back to green, if it proceeds as negative behaviour then move to red. Each time a child moves to amber, they lose 5 minutes from their playtime, and if on red, they lose their ‘golden’ free play time on a Friday. If the child is on green all week, they receive a treat on a Friday (usually a sweet, lollipop etc) and for those displaying exceptional hard work or efforts, a certificate of merit is given. The children respond well to this as their ‘punishment’ for negative behaviour is immediate (or as near as can be) so they quickly learn to display alternative behaviour. It is important to remember that a child with BSED may not recognize boundaries and the cause and effect of their behaviour or a reward scheme and therefore a tailored approach would be required. Teaching a child with BSED techniques on how to deal with their emotions before they reach a crisis point can help the child manage their behaviour and develop their emotional and social skills at the same time as their communication skills. Ways of doing this could include teaching the child a way in which to communicate to their key worker or teacher that they require help or that they are angry or frustrated. This allows the key worker or teacher to support the child before the feelings escalate. Other ways may include helping the child to use a ‘time out’ facility whereby when the child is feeling anxious or angry, they go to a quiet corner until they feel calmer and someone can support them. Using play or activities which the child has a specific interest in (or even using favourite toys or characters within the activity) will help the child maintain their interest and allow them further opportunities to interact, increasing their communication and social skills. Finally, reiterating the day’s timeline can help children understand what is happening next or when certain activities will take place. Many young children have little concept of time, and for a child who is unsettled and finding it difficult to conform to the boundaries within the setting, it may help them feel more at ease and less anxious if they know what to expect next. The timeline could be repeated verbally or simple pictures could be displayed to show what activity will be happening soon i.e. lunchtime (a picture of a sandwich and drink), outdoor play (picture of trees and a ball) or home time (a picture of a coat). Many different ways can be implemented but they may require a lot of time, and a great deal of extra effort from staff before a child begins to display any positive changes and this should be taken into account before deciding that a specific strategy appears to not be working.

Mount Everest, Nepal

Mount Everest, Nepal Mount Everest, Nepal All the famous mountain climbers mustve felt amazed when they went onto this mountain. Come to Nepal and see the amazing Mount Everest in person! It is just around the corner of Nepal, Tibet and China. All the mountain climbers that has came to this wonderful place has gone through an amazing experience. This colossal mountain is one of the largest wonders of the world, find out how you would react once you try to climb this mountain made by nature! You will go on an amazing trip and feel like youll never want to leave this structure of nature when you come to Nepal. Find out what people come here for and brag about once they come back from their trip. Youll do the same for sure because this place is a wondrous land of nature. Location : The things that you would find in Nepal would be Mt. Everest. It is part of the Himalaya mountain range, and on the border of Nepal and Tibet. The worlds highest peak above the sea level! It is the worlds highest most unreachable mountain. Mount Everest was formed about 60 million years ago to reach this high of a mountain. In Tibet they called Mount Everest â€Å"Chomolungma† which means mother goddess of the universe. In Nepal they call Mount Everest â€Å"Sagarmatha† which means goddess of the sky. In china they call Mount Everest â€Å"Zhumulangma† which means goddess of the sky. In 1865, Mt. Everest was named after Sir George Everest which used to be known as Peak 15. Mount Everest is right on the border of Nepal beside our friends Tibet and China. The summit of Mt. Everests ridge separates Nepal from Tibet. The height of Mt. Everest is 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) or 5 and a half miles above the sea level. The latitude and longitude of this stunning mountain is 27?9?6† North as latitude and 86?5?0† East as longitude. Climate: In the beginning of the year, the temperatures drop to as low as -76degrees Fahrenheit which is -60degrees Celsius. Glaciers cover the slopes of Everest to its base. Individual glaciers that consume the mountain are the Kangshung Glacier to the East, Central, and West Rongbuk glaciers to the north and northwest; the Pumori Glacier to the northwest; and the Khumbu Glacier to the west and south, which is filled by the glacier bed of the Western Cwm, an enclosed valley of ice between Everest and the Lhotse-Nuptse Ridge to the south. Glacial action has been the primary force behind the heavy and continuous erosion of Everest and the other high Himalayan. Other Attractions and Accommodations: Nepal offers amazing and unique sights and experiences that many of the typical traveling destinations lack. Nepal has been open to tourism for just over fifty years and has seen a rise in visitors. One of the main tourist magnets in Nepal is the beast of a hill, called Mount Everest. Mount Everest is perhaps the first thing that comes to mind when you think of Nepal. Mount Everest is truly magnificent. The summit of the mountain, which is the worlds tallest, is a goal that many climbers have looked to reach. While climbing to the top, it is an impressive goal accomplished by only those that are brave and bold enough to try. You can enjoy Everest at altitudes much lower than the highest peak. Mount Everest does not offer hiking trails to visitors. But there are many hiking routes in the surroundings of Himalayan Mountains that offer stunning views of the great mountain. You can embark on a day, week, or ten day trek up to view some of the impressive sights if you are the adventurous type. If you do go for the hike. The best time of the year to go are in the early spring and fall. While Mount Everest may be the most popular attraction in Nepal, there are many towns, cities, and countryside villages that are worth checking out too. Kathmandu is the countrys main city. It is the metropolitan capital of Nepal, and any visitor will know this when he or she steps into the bustling streets. In addition to a thriving economy, there is a place with amazingly constructed temples, shrines, and ancient palaces made in Durbar Square, located in the middle of the city. Here the tourist can engage in shopping, while viewing stunning architecture laced in Hindu charm. Most tourists will want to stay in the city for at least a night or longer because it is magnificent. There are many hotels to pick that offer a lot of accommodations. One of the more popular spots is the Hotel Yak Yeti. The Hotel Yak Yeti is on Durbar Marg, which is just east of the Royal Palace. Transportation: People would climb this mountain by riding on yaks. It is a large animal that resembles looks of a buffalo. They would bring oxygen tanks, warm clothing, food and other resources that can help them along the way. Landforms: There are sea carves on the mountain and along the way you will find valleys and seracs. Effects Of The Physical Environment On Tourism: People would ski on the mountain and have other expeditions. The people on the mountain range often pollute the air which makes the temperature warmer. It would be impossible for them to reach to peak of the mountain because they would run out of oxygen and there are many difficult obstacles along the way up. The elevation of Mount Everest increases about 2.4 inches a year which is 6.1 centimetres per year. There arent many things that got transport you when your on Mount Everest which brings the fun. You can do many snow activities there if you are planning to go. If you come to Mt. Everest, you would never want to leave or go to another place again! Carson

The Thought and Influence of Voltaire Essay -- Writer Literature Paper

The Thought and Influence of Voltaire I The legacy of Franà §ois Marie Arouet, or Voltaire is not only a vast collection of writings, but also a world that has been radically and directly affected by these works and the activities of their author. While Voltaire did not create many of the ideas he professed, his success at disseminating these is unparalleled. He summed up with the most panache of anyone of his day the central issues of the Enlightenment, and rallied with the greatest fervour to see his beliefs tangibly realised. This paper will focus on Voltaire’s stances on vital issues, their weight versus the ideas and practices against which they are reactions, and their influence on both 18th century Europe and the modern West. II History Voltaire’s interpretation of history, its value, and the best methods for dealing with it, reveal clearly that his first love is literature. The important qualities of an historical work were, for him, character development, drama, and setting.1[1] But whereas previous historians may have been loath to give any texture to their descriptions of past civilisations, instead preferring value-laden generalisations (Golden Ages and Dark Ages); and whereas it was rare for one to make the attempt to transcend their setting and beliefs for the sake of better understanding their subjects,2[2] Voltaire emphasised that it was vital not just to look at significant events, but also to immerse oneself in the quotidian details of a society, thus understanding the character of the people behind the events.3[3] This deliberate identification with other cultures is characteristic of the relativism that the philosophes practised and that influenced their ethical theories. Drama aside, V... ...rsity Press, 1959) pp.288-291. 11[11] Gay. p.129. 12[12] Lauer. p.75. 13[13] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.85. 14[14] Wade. p.785. 15[15] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.142. 16[16] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.144. 17[17] Wade. p.786. 18[18] Voltaire. Lettres Philosophiques. (Paris: Garnier Frà ¨res, 1964) p.34. 19[19] Wade. p.785. 20[20] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. p.212. 21[21] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. pp.134-136. 22[22] Voltaire. Portable Voltaire. pp.152-155. 23[23] Gay. p.289. 24[24] Wade. p.786. 25[25] Gustave Lanson. â€Å"The Voltairian Reformation of France† in Voltaire. ed. William F. Bottiglia. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1968) p.139. 26[26] Norman L. Torrey. â€Å"Duplicity and Protective Lying† in Voltaire. pp.19-30. 27[27] David D. Bien. The Calas Affair. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960) p.25-26. 28[28] Gay. pp.278-281.

Public Health P1. P2

Public Health – Unit 12 – Petra P1 Public health is â€Å"the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals† (1920, C. E. A. Winslow). This therefore infers public health is the preventing and controlling of disease within communities, to prolong life and promote health through organised society.The keys aspects of public health †¦ -Monitoring the overall health status of the population, this involves the recording of any changes of health in the population and alerting people to potential risks, for example the higher levels of smoking within a population. -Identifying the health needs within a population, which involves establishing patterns and trends of health problems within to identify implications service users may be at risk of, for example in relation to smoking, assessing the likely increase in need for cancer support services. Developing programmes to reduce the risk and screening for diseases earlier on, which refers to the attempts of reducing the levels of illness, by introducing new programmes which inform people that they are at risk of certain conditions and aiding them into trying out new preventative programmes? For example if a doctor identifies someone at risk from cancer due to smoking, they may enrol them on a programme to help stop smoking, or even provide them with medication to stop them smoking. -Controlling of communicable disease.This is the reduction of the impact of infectious disease, through immunisation and other control methods. For example, vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella, it may also include food hygiene in restaurants and other food suppliers preventing food poisoning. – Health promotion to the population. This can be done by events and activities which reduce health implications. For example, for people suffering with obe sity, it may involve campaigns to encourage people to be more active and eat a better diet, like the 5 a day campaign. Planning and evaluating the provision of health and social care, which involves assessing health services and whether or not they are having enough impact on the initial problem, for example in the case of obesity, it may involve the question of, can local services meet the demand of weight management advice, or are the services being successful in helping people to reduce their weight and endure that change. P2 Public health has grown and improved since its creation in the 19th century.It was created from the Poor Law system and the Victorian sanitary reform movement. The Poor Law was in place, to ensure people of the lower working class(poor people) were being housed properly, whether it were in workhouses or their own homes, it also ensured they were appropriately clothed and fed a sufficient amount of food. In a lot of workhouses, children were also schooled a l ittle, and in return for this treatment, the working class would be obliged to work for several hours a day.During industrialisation and the fast growth in cities, standards began to fall, which led to many concerns involving poor housing, dirty water supplies and air pollution ‘bad air’ and the immense impacts this had on the health of the work population all together. Origins of the public health policy in the UK from the 19th Century to present day†¦ The nineteenth century;- The first national Public Health Act 1848 This was created and put into place, due to a man known as Edwin Chadwick. He was an active campaigner on many public health issues, such as the poor working/housing conditions and the sanitary reform.His report in 1842 included a massive amount of evidence supporting the link between environment, poverty and ill health. He recommended that each local authority required an expert medical and civil engineering advice, to administer all sanitary matter s. It took six years until the Public Health act was passed and the first Board of health was established. John Snow and the Broad Street pump John Snow was a man whom believed that the water pollution was the main cause of ill health within the population of London in the 19th Century. He linked the common illness cholera to people whom drank from the wells.He observed those getting ill and which areas and pumps they drank from and recorded it on a map, he was then able to establish all those getting ill were in fact drinking from the same pump, and consequently in 1854 John Snow removed the handle of the Broad Street pump and ceased the epidemic of Cholera in Soho, London John Simon and the 1866 Sanitary Act John Simon was professionally a physician, but he became famous for him dramatic reforms of the public health system. He was the first medical officer in the UK’s central government, and he influenced public health by improving public vaccination systems.He also was the founder of the water supply cleaner and made sewers more effective. The twentieth century The Beveridge Report 1942 William Beveridge was a man whom was asked by government to write a report on the best and most effective ways to help those on low incomes. This was after the Second World War when people felt they needed rewarding, which the government responded to by promising to create a more equal society. In Beveridge’s report in December 1942, he proposed that all people of a working age should contribute, which would benefit people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed.The National Health Service (NHS) The NHS was created on the back of the Beveridge report. This allowed free care to those who could not afford it. It provided hospital services, primary care (doctors- family clinics) and community services such as health visitors, midwives, ambulance services and many more. Acheson Report into inequalities in health 1998 He comprised a report that pointed out 39 recommendations and highlighted 3 crucial areas of which would need concentrating on, which are; 1) all policies that are likely to have impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequality. ) Priority to the health of families with children. 3) Further steps should be taken to reduce the income inequalities and improve the standards of poor households. Our Healthier Nation 1999 This strategy was released by the labour government after their election in 1997, it has very clear links with the Acheson report and attempted to tackle the root causes of ill health such as pollution, unemployment, low wages, crime and poor housing.Choosing Health: Making Healthy Choices Easier 2004 This white paper acknowledged the changing nature in society, and an increased emphasis on health and well-being. The strategy had three key underpinning principles: informal choice, personalization and working together. Its main priorities were: to reduce the number of people who smoke, reduce obesity and improve diet and nutrition, increase exercise, encourage support of sensible drinking and the improvement of overall sexual health.

Top Summer Destinations for Students Approved by Travel Bloggers

Top Summer Destinations for Students Approved by Travel Bloggers â€Å"Travel more† is one of the most popular NY resolutions. However, setting a New Year resolution is only half the work. If you want to walk the talk, you should start doing first steps right away, such as choosing an incredible destination for your holiday. Below, you’ll find the list of eleven summer destinations affordable for a student’s budget. All the places were approved by travel bloggers as wonderful destinations for holidays. All of them are in different countries. If you are looking for something near you, check out our blog post on Best (and Cheapest) Summer Destinations that we previously published. Dubrovnik, Croatia If you want to visit a beautiful place steeped in history, visiting Dubrovnik is a must. While exploring Dubrovniks UNESCO-listed Old Town, you’ll see the locations used in series ‘Games of Thrones.’ The landscapes of Dubrovnik are really impressive and even fit backpacking. Even though harassing heat in summer is very likely, you still can enjoy this place if plan your visiting thoroughly. Advice from Kate McCulley from Adventurous Kate: Albufeira, Portugal Albufeira is known as a resort with an active nightlife. There are many bars, nightclubs, fast-food-joints. However, it’s also a place with nice golden sand beaches bordered by tall cliffs and small cozy seafood restaurant where you can eat and chat. The historic centre is also worth taking a look for its white buildings and beautiful pavement. If you like water sports, you’ll be interested in swimming on kayak or canoe in caves – quite scaring but exciting, right? Advice from Sonja Bolger from Migrating Miss: Migrating Miss on Facebook Migrating Miss on Twitter Migrating Miss on Instagram Karpathos, Greece Mountains, warm waters of Aegean Sea and colorful houses – this is what you will see on this island. Here, you’ll find peace and joy, fascinating natural views and nice villages. There are plenty of beaches on Karpathos where you can just relax or try windsurfing, kitesurfing or scuba diving. If you like different cultural festivals, you should plan a trip to Karpathos in summer as the biggest cultural festival, Tsambouna, takes place. Opinion of Don Stevens From MyGreeceTravelBlog: Agrigento, Italy This city will seem attractive for you for its prices, beautiful sights, ancients ruins, fresh air and delicious seafood! You can explore plenty of diverse ruins here, take a car to get to a picturesque village of Sciacca which lies on the Mediterranean and just chill from your everyday routine! Advice from Jonathan Lessuck From Travels in the 2nd half: Edinburgh, Scotland Edinburgh is the city that will immerse you into the atmosphere of the Medieval times. Take a tour of historic castles and palaces, mosey along the Old Town, visit galleries to see traditional and contemporary artworks and museums to see unique ancient and modern artifacts. For nature-lovers, there’s also one special place to visit – extinct volcano. Insight from Lucy Dodsworth from On the Luce : Mo’orea One of the most beautiful of French Polynesian islands. Its not as popular as Thaiti, but you can still take an advantage of it. You can spend your holidays much cheaper on Mo’orea, admire charming nature and get rest from noisy cities. The prices for accommodations start from $40. If you want to save even more money, buy food in grocery stores instead of eating in restaurants. The difference in prices is significant. Advice from The Smith Family from Our Family Passport: Oaxaca, Mexico Here, in Oaxaca, you have many things to do, including tasting local food, such as fried grasshoppers; visiting a UNESCO World Heritage Site of Monte Albn and the Museum of Oaxacan Cultures; enjoying fascinating architecture of the city. Also, you’d like watching the performances of dancers and signers on the main square, the Zolaco. Advice from HeatherJohn Widmer from Roaming Around the World: Phuket, Thailand Phuket is one more splendid (and cheap!) summer destination for those who adore having rest on the beach. Add to your to-do-list these items: visit Big Buddha; stroll down Bangla Road to experience city’s nightlife; relax on the beach; see Phuket FantaSea Show; visit beautiful Phuket temples. For animal-lovers, there’s one more specific item to visit – Phuket Elephant Sanctuary. It is organized in way that animals are not bothered by visitors. Opinion of Elin Chow: Tbilisi, Georgia The country of tasty cuisine, hospitable people, picturesque architecture and beautiful mountains. Tbilisi is a diverse town in which you can find modern cafes, restaurant, parks and galleries but also you can observe old narrow streets, balconied houses, small churches, 17-centuries-old Narikala Fortress and feel the community atmosphere. Opinion of Shannon O’Donnell from A Little Adrift: Bali, Indonesia Cheap prices, white sand beaches, friendly locals, exotic food – that is all about Bali. Here, you can go hiking or do some water sports, such as scuba diving, snorkeling, swimming with dolphins and other water inhabitants. Also, you should try unusual cuisine, swim in the ocean or dip into hot springs and get rest from the web. For some people bad internet connection is the worst thing in the world and for others it’s an opportunity to relax from all those informational noise. Bali Advice from Salt in our Hair: Bolivia Bolivia is full of adventures! Have you ever dreamt of paragliding, or extremal fishing, or riding? Bolivia is perfect for that. Try paragliding above incredible La Paz valleys, pull enormous fishes out of the Amazon river or climb the highest Andean peaks. Extreme-lovers would adore this place! If you are not that kind of person, you still have many things to do here, such as observing unique animal species, trying llama tenderloin, and investigating rich culture of the locals. Advice from Flora Baker from Flora the Explorer:

Symbolism in Ancient Mariner essays

Symbolism in Ancient Mariner essays Symbolism in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Samual Taylor Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a lyrical fantasy ballad based on the story of a weathered sailor and his ordeals. The poem begins with the antiquated English mariner capturing the attention of a passer by on his way to a wedding. With this the mariner proceeds to reminisce and tell his spell bound listener of his voyage between the equator and the South Pole, and then back to England. The story follows the mariner and his ship through life and death, heaven and hell, and everything in between. Symbolism is used in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner to convey powerful and complex themes that in turn create an Allegory. In this paper allegory as well as symbolism will be defined. Following the definitions will be examples of how they are used and explanations of their meanings in relation to the poem and to life. An allegory is a story with two or more symbolic levels. The events, settings, objects, or characters in an allegory stand for ideas or qualities beyond themselves. In a sense it is a description of one thing under the image of another. On almost the same level, symbolism is a literary device that uses one thing in representation of another. Symbols are almost always physical in nature and represent something that is not physical, like a color to represent a mood or an object to represent an idea. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem filled with morally and religiously orientated symbols. One symbol and perhaps the most overlooked is the mariner himself. He represents the individual soul and all the struggles that one eventually faces through life and death. The mariners journey and tribulations that begin with the slaying of the albatross and end with his return to dry land in England parallel a souls journey from sin to redemption. In likeness to the mariner, the ship may re...

Is the Death Penalty Justified

Is the Death Penalty Justified Death Penalty Essay Death penalty debate often becomes a topic for an argumentative essay. Students are asked to make arguments for the death penalty and arguments against the death penalty. The capital punishment essay example below is a kind of opinion essay for legal discussions. If you need another topic  for discussing in your argumentative essay here is a great list: Argumentative Essay Topics   The Death Penalty is the Code of Judgment Want to divide a room fairly quickly? Get a conversation going about justifying the death penalty. That will scatter folks, absolutely. Plus, everyone will feel differently about the issue. Some will hold some deeply rooted convictions about the topic: Should a person be sentenced to death because they deliberately killed another person? Isn’t God their ultimate judge, and because of this, shouldn’t they get a free pass in this life because they are judged in the next? Is killing a murderer – via gas chamber, electric chair, lethal injection – committing the same exactly crime the murderer did? There are many questions to ask when giving this heavily debated topic a good thinking. First, one has to accept that there are some pretty evil people in the world who want to take the lives of others, to play God, ultimately; then there are accidental killings; and lastly, one has to consider that we all have the potential to kill another human being if pushed ove r the edge of reason. Nonetheless, in this instance, a justification for the death penalty shall be provided. The Death Penalty is Justified When a Murder Was Done out of Cold Blood For one, the death penalty is justified when a murder was done out of cold blood when it was premeditated. Of course, this is not when a person accidentally kills another person – wrestling around when the wrong move is made or someone goes too far, for example; or a car crashing into another on late night. Those are different. A murder in cold blood is when a person deliberately wishes for, plans and executes a murder. Regardless of why the murder is done, or how many people the person killed, even if to avenge another’s murder or wrongdoing, it is still murder – a deliberate ending of another person’s life on this earth – and murderers should be killed themselves. They must pay for their wrongdoing, and this is one case of how the death penalty is justified. Secondly, the death penalty is justified because of the prevention factor: When a vicious murderer is given the death penalty, they cannot be left out in society to do it again. This is done for a great reason. This justifies the death penalty for sure. Now there is always the possibility that the killing is righteous – maybe the man who savagely raped, beat and killed an innocent woman should be killed – and the person who killed the rapist is innocent to a degree, but all of this is subjective thinking, and emotions should not influence rationalization. We can refer to Hammurabi’s Code – â€Å"eye-for-an-eye† – to justify this reciprocity: that the state should put to death a murderer. Make no doubt about it: this is one more way that illustrates how the death penalty is indeed justified. Dead Murderer Cannot Kill Again Lastly, what if the atheists are right? What if there is no God? No judgment in the afterlife? We can never know for sure of an afterlife. Now is all we can ever know for sure. This mentality justifies the death penalty because it means there is a chance this murderer could go on in the universe never having to pay for what they had done – when they took a person’s life and played God for just a few seconds. One can speculate that if the everyday person kills another, even intentionally, that person will live for the rest of their years with immense regret, guilt, and paranoia. The mental anguish would be a harsh enough punishment itself. Ah, but many killers are psychopaths, they lack empathy and conscience – so they may not think they are doing wrong. Therefore they should be wiped out of this world. They deserve the death penalty. The death penalty is most justified here – a sick, deranged person should be taken out of this world. There may be no judge in the afterlife, no God; therefore, the evil of this world shall be judged on earth, and evil shall die. Let’s conclude this heavy argument by apologizing to the reader: this is a tough topic to discuss – everyone’s got a different viewpoint on it – and it’s easy to offend a person. If any offense was taken, the writer offers their apologies. The truth is, there is no right answer. The student can relate to Christian (God is my judge) and Buddhist (people attract suffering) ideologies, and to Hammurabi’s Code (eye for an eye), to approach this issue objectively. Which is correct? What is inhumane and what’s wrong? How do you tell? Need a death penalty essay? Our writers are experienced in writing different death penalty argumentative essays. The most popular topics are: Why the Death Penalty Wrong? and Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed? If you need an essay on these or other death penalty essay topics, place an order.

Occupational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Occupational Health and Safety - Essay Example The author focuses on informing employers about the policies and practices they should implement in the workplace in order to ensure a safe working environment for employees. The author advises employers on the importance of having an accident prevention plan in the workplace and the effective strategy for handling accidents and investigations in their companies (Battles, 2011). The author attempts to advise employers on the ways of reducing costs and complications that could arise from the lack adequate safety procedures in the workplace. The author advises employers on ways of fulfilling the guidelines and regulations provided by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and any other guidelines provided by the state.   The author states that the process of formulating an accident prevention plan involves the evaluation of possible safety hazards across the workplace. The first step in analyzing job hazards entails identifying the potential actions that put the emp loyee at the risk of injury when performing their roles. After indentifying the risks, the employer will then develop the ways of preventing the accident or measures for mitigating the accidents in the unfortunate event that they happen. The process involves undertaking safety program reviews, procedures on managing emergencies, location of first aid kits, and procedures for reporting injuries. Employees should be provides an orientation on the safety procedures when they are newly employed or when existing employees transfer between jobs.

International Human Resources, Human Resources System of Apple(Mac) Co Essay

International Human Resources, Human Resources System of Apple(Mac) Co - Essay Example At last the conclusion has articulated the findings about the human resource management system in Apple. American culture put emphasis on the individual initiatives and achievements (Communicaid, American Culture – Key Concepts and Values). Self independence and confidence are highly recognised and appreciated in the working places where most of the businesses are carried out autonomously. The position of a person in The USA society is mostly influenced by his or her own achievement rather than his or her age or social status. So in advertisement for job vacancies, the USA companies can attract more qualified people by simply putting emphasis on their individual growth and remunerations. The people in USA are mostly task centred and they prefer communication to be the exchange of facts, specific information and individual opinions. So to attract more people it is better to give some quantitative figures regarding growth, remuneration for the respective position. Apart from that, it would be great if the company can put its economical and financial state in quantitative and specific qualitative data. This transparent communication would be helpful for the potential candidates to fetch the required data for the company; and hence the proper communication with the prospective employees would help to attract, recruit and select the candidates. In United States the organisations need to communicate with a clear and transparent note, so that they raise enough trust in the prospective human resource pool. Some times these direct and straight forward communications are inappropriately interpreted by the people coming from different other regions and who are not much accusto med to this kind of explicit communication (Communicaid, American Culture – Key Concepts and Values). The American business culture is based on the concept of equal opportunity for

Critical Appraisal of the International Accounting Standard Dissertation

Critical Appraisal of the International Accounting Standard - Dissertation Example The comparison focusing on the latter group is a means to identify whether there would be an increase in the degree of accounting quality that a firm has after utilizing and applying IAS 40 in their policies and processes. In that light, the researcher aims to determine the prospect of improvement of a firm's accounting quality and financial reporting with the use of International Accounting Standards on Investment Property. One of the key objectives of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is to formulate a singular guideline that would establish accounting standards of high quality that must be comprehensible, as well as practical and practicable for the sake of public interest. Such guideline would encompass the accounting framework across the globe, which mandates transparent and analogous data of financial statements dedicated to a universal rationale (IASB) (Ashbaugh & Pincus 2001). With that philosophy in mind, the IASB has made the necessary measures to eliminate permissible accounting practices and policies that would serve as alternatives (Leuz et al 2003; Tarca 2004). In addition, the board has necessitated that the accounting measures enforced in IAS mirror the performance of a firm based on its economic position (Street & Gray 2001; Tarca 2004; Hung & Subramanyam 2004). With these two premises in mind, one can note that the application of IAS is directed towards the development of accounting quality among firms. A firm's accounting quality poses the probability to improve provided that alternatives are eliminated and the perusal of developing the degree to which the concept of accounting measurements aim to echo the limit of a firm's economic position, which would then be based on the prerogative of the management in reporting accounting amounts that pose an inferior representation of a firm's economic performance, such as the process of managing earnings (Bartov, Goldberg & Kim 2004; Daske 2006; Leuz 2003). With that concept in mind, the researcher aims to identify whether accounting amounts that have been identified with the help of IAS present higher quality, as opposed to those determined by GAAP (Leuz 2003).  

Managing Quality within the Vale of Glamorgan Council Essay

Managing Quality within the Vale of Glamorgan Council - Essay Example vices, including Housing, Community safety, Community care and health, Economic, development, Leisure and tourism, Planning and transportation, Building Control, Waste management and cleansing, Parks and grounds maintenance, Environmental Health, Trading standards, Emergency planning, Lifelong learning and development, Libraries etc., the Vale of Glamorgan Council has been successfully functioning from past many years. Vale of Glamorgan Council, has proved itself, by providing good services, and has been able to maintain its rapport with good Operational Management Strategies. The Quality of services provided by the Council has been highly appreciable, which has been achieved by its logical thinking and efficient management The Council has 47 elected members, each of whom represents  an electoral division, or ward, and is led by a Leader and Cabinet, a body of 10 Councillors that makes key decisions about policy and budget. Its services are led by a Corporate Management Team, made up of the Chief Executive and five directors.   These directors each head one of the Councils five Directorates. There is a Leader and Cabinet, a body of 10 Councillors that makes key decisions about policy and budget. However, since  May 2008  the council has been controlled by a  Conservative Cabinet. Understand how quality can be achieved and maintained in its operations and services. Quality is the first and perhaps the foremost attribute of the five ingredients of performance objectives prescribed by Slack N. Quality. Vale of Glamorgan Council has two different faces. One is the quality of the final offerings of the council that is the services, which are provided to the public. The other is the quality of the operational activities that the staffs of the council goes through in order to provide any particular service. Both these qualities are interconnected so that one has almost a complete effect on the other. This is the reason for taking quality as the attribute for

The Systems Development Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Systems Development Life Cycle - Essay Example This involved establishing the business processes used by the company. This is necessary so that the processes are redesigned to take advantage of the modern system solutions operating characteristics. Data analysis is also quite useful in the determination of the system requirements. To accomplish this, a study on flow of information in the organization is carried out in order to come with dataflow diagrams that will be quite important in the design of the system (Somers & Nelson, 2004, P.258). Decision Analysis is meant to identify the decisions that are made by the manager. The main decisions that are made by the manager are identifiable at in individual level. Gathering of this information will help in the actual development of a system that will assist the managers to make decisions (Somers & Nelson,2004,P.259). This method is valuable when the primary objective of the system is decision support. There was also process analysis that was meant to review business processes of the company. In this stage, the processes of an organization are identifies and divides into a number of events that can either change or add data. Modification and reengineering of these processes help in improving the operations of the organization through improving service, cost reduction, quality and management information The development of an accounting information system can be successful if the process is divided into different phases or stages. The phases in the field of software development is referred to as System development life cycle(SDLC) which comprises Planning and Investigation, System Analysis,Design,Coding ,implementation, maintenance and Follow up. The planning and investigation phase needs the creation of a team to carry out an investigation on the current system and provide recommendations to a steering team. The main focus of the team is to come up with a way handing the request of

Kingdoms of Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kingdoms of Life - Assignment Example Life cycle of malaria parasite consists of two hosts. In the process of blood meal, female Anopheles mosquito that is malaria-infected injects sporozoites into its host (human) (stage 1). Inoculated sporozoites then infect cells of the liver (stage 2) and develop into schizonts (stage 3), which finally burst and discharge merozoites (stage 4). Merozoites are responsible for infections in red blood cells. RhizopusThe life cycle of Rhizopus nigricans (black bread mold) is identical with several members of phylum Zygomycota. Mold experiences both frequent periods of sexual and asexual reproduction. Gametangia combine (fuse) in the first reproduction stage (sexual). The results from these fusions are Zygosporangium, which then forms a dense coat awaiting favorable conditions to proceed further with development. Favorable conditions will give way for germination of zygosporangium into sporangium. Finally, asexual reproduction follows. In asexual reproduction, sporangium produces spores, w hich are ultimately dispersed. FernFerns have sporangia that are responsible for production of spores (stage 1). Through meiosis, spores, signified by half the chromosomes of parent plant, are produced (stage 2). Produced spores are then released to the air. In case they land on soil with suitable growing conditions, they develop into gametophytes (which are entirely separate fern plants). FrogThe life cycle begins with mating process-commonly referred to as amplexus (stage 1). The process can last a number of days.

Managing Quality within the Vale of Glamorgan Council Essay

Managing Quality within the Vale of Glamorgan Council - Essay Example vices, including Housing, Community safety, Community care and health, Economic, development, Leisure and tourism, Planning and transportation, Building Control, Waste management and cleansing, Parks and grounds maintenance, Environmental Health, Trading standards, Emergency planning, Lifelong learning and development, Libraries etc., the Vale of Glamorgan Council has been successfully functioning from past many years. Vale of Glamorgan Council, has proved itself, by providing good services, and has been able to maintain its rapport with good Operational Management Strategies. The Quality of services provided by the Council has been highly appreciable, which has been achieved by its logical thinking and efficient management The Council has 47 elected members, each of whom represents  an electoral division, or ward, and is led by a Leader and Cabinet, a body of 10 Councillors that makes key decisions about policy and budget. Its services are led by a Corporate Management Team, made up of the Chief Executive and five directors.   These directors each head one of the Councils five Directorates. There is a Leader and Cabinet, a body of 10 Councillors that makes key decisions about policy and budget. However, since  May 2008  the council has been controlled by a  Conservative Cabinet. Understand how quality can be achieved and maintained in its operations and services. Quality is the first and perhaps the foremost attribute of the five ingredients of performance objectives prescribed by Slack N. Quality. Vale of Glamorgan Council has two different faces. One is the quality of the final offerings of the council that is the services, which are provided to the public. The other is the quality of the operational activities that the staffs of the council goes through in order to provide any particular service. Both these qualities are interconnected so that one has almost a complete effect on the other. This is the reason for taking quality as the attribute for

Kingdoms of Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kingdoms of Life - Assignment Example Life cycle of malaria parasite consists of two hosts. In the process of blood meal, female Anopheles mosquito that is malaria-infected injects sporozoites into its host (human) (stage 1). Inoculated sporozoites then infect cells of the liver (stage 2) and develop into schizonts (stage 3), which finally burst and discharge merozoites (stage 4). Merozoites are responsible for infections in red blood cells. RhizopusThe life cycle of Rhizopus nigricans (black bread mold) is identical with several members of phylum Zygomycota. Mold experiences both frequent periods of sexual and asexual reproduction. Gametangia combine (fuse) in the first reproduction stage (sexual). The results from these fusions are Zygosporangium, which then forms a dense coat awaiting favorable conditions to proceed further with development. Favorable conditions will give way for germination of zygosporangium into sporangium. Finally, asexual reproduction follows. In asexual reproduction, sporangium produces spores, w hich are ultimately dispersed. FernFerns have sporangia that are responsible for production of spores (stage 1). Through meiosis, spores, signified by half the chromosomes of parent plant, are produced (stage 2). Produced spores are then released to the air. In case they land on soil with suitable growing conditions, they develop into gametophytes (which are entirely separate fern plants). FrogThe life cycle begins with mating process-commonly referred to as amplexus (stage 1). The process can last a number of days.

Arthur Miller’s, A View From The Bridge Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller’s, A View From The Bridge Essay Arthur Miller’s ‘A View From The Bridge’ is a great play set in the run down area of Brooklyn, New York, a community in Red Hook, during the 1950s. It explores the themes of justice, unnatural love, codes of society and respect. The play focuses on the jealousy the protagonist, Eddie Carbone, exerts towards his wife’s illegally immigrated Italian cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, due to his passionate feelings for his own niece, Catherine, consequently ending with his life. The key events of the play are all very reasonable and typical in reflection to the time it was written. The disastrous aftermath of World War Two and the Great Depression left people with one dream; the American dream. To escape their less economically developed country and lead a better life many travelled to America. Italians suffered most excruciatingly hence it is they who went through mass migration, but lead it a better life they did not. Confrontation with suspicious Americans and intense hardship only crippled their self-esteem and lead them to be more independent. In ‘A View From The Bridge’ we witness how this period of time effected and shaped the behaviour of characters in the play. Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to make the play much easier to understand and enjoyable for us, the audience. In this essay I am going to analyse how exactly this has been done. Arthur Miller cleverly uses Alfieri in a number of ways. Alfieri is the narrator; Alfieri plays a character; and Alfieri is a good example of what some call a Greek Chorus. He is our narrator and plays the role of an Italian-American lawyer which makes us expect his words to be truthful. Alfieri also very effectively helps distinguish scenes, expand on characters and make the play more explicit, just as a Greek Chorus would do in old Greek tragedies. Doing this allows us to understand and follow up on the play, its themes and events. â€Å"†¦In Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten†¦Justice is very important here†: Alfieri’s opening monologue, Act 1; he is the Greek Chorus. Alfieri gives us some background information on Red Hook and its neighbourhood, allowing the audience to form an impression on the characters and their morals. Having knowledge on the circumstances explored in the play, what with the illegal immigration, this line in the monologue can infer one of two things: the Italians in Red Hook cannot turn to the law because they are illegal immigrants, or the Italians will not turn to the law due their lack of trust as a result of their Italian customs. Either way, since turning to the law is never going to be the answer, the obvious way to gain justice is for the law to be taken into the people’s hands. Knowing this helps us, the audience, understand why certain events take place later on in the play. We understand Marco is an immigrant and therefore understand why he uses violence to enforce justice against Eddie for his actions. The theme of justice is introduced here. Eddie Carbone’s death at the end of the play came as no surprise to us all. Alfieri had already told us from the beginning that he sat there and â€Å"watched it run its bloody course†¦this one’s name was Eddie Carbone’’. Eddie Carbone will die, but in no ordinary way; he will be murdered which we can indicate from Alfieri mentioning â€Å"bloody course†. Alfieri put great emphasis on the fact that the people of Red Hook take justice into their own hands in his opening monologue which, if we put two and two together, must mean that Eddie’s blood will be spilt for one’s justice. This time Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to really hook, and keep us hooked, in the play. Us knowing that Eddie will be murdered before it actually happens means that we, the audience, know more than the characters. Throughout the play, no matter what turn of event takes place, we know that Eddie’s death is inevitable. This creates a very interesting and suspense atmosphere as we are eager to find out how exactly each character’s action leads up to the death; how Eddie’s own actions may have a huge impact on Marco feeling compelled to end his life. The theme of unnatural love is also first made clearer to us through the use of Alfieri and his unveiling of Eddie’s true inner feeling for Catherine, although Eddie himself denies such possibility which is typical of longshoremen, or men generally, of the time; expressing your emotions just wasn’t a masculine thing to do. Alfieri claims that Eddie has â€Å"too much love for the niece†, which makes Eddie’s resentment towards Rodolpho understandable to us. Why Eddie opposed Catherine’s relationship with Rodolpho was at first quite inexplicit, with many of us assuming it was just the possessiveness of an uncle, but Arthur Miller’s use of Alfieri’s, again as a Greek chorus, makes the play more understandable, and not only that, it also enhances the dramatic factor of the play; we know Eddie will die at the end of the play and are now interested to know how his feelings for Catherine will play a part in his tragic death. In Act 1 Alfieri and Eddie both highlight the codes of the society of Red Hook, made due to the mistrust in the law. Eddie outlines the consequences of snitching on the immigrants whilst Alfieri explains to us that the immigrants will take the law into their own hands. When Eddie is on the verge to call the immigration Bureau later in Act 2 Alfieri tells him he â€Å"won’t have a friend in the world†, reminding Eddie and us that the society will destroy him if he informs because he is going against their codes of society. Here Alfieri, in spite of being a lawyer who should support the law, is trying to prevent Eddie from making a huge mistake. Alfieri is an American lawyer from an Italian background which is why he is aware that if Eddie goes along with his actions then he will have the society to answer to. We trust Alfieri, a lawyer to be a good judge of character and rational, because he is professionally detached. However, with Eddie he has a slight connection which he mentions in his opening monologue: I had represented his father in an accident case some years before, and I was acquainted with the family in a casual way. When Eddie did call the Immigration Bureau, Alfieri and the audience know that Eddie’s actions were against the codes of society and citizens of the time would not abide by the law, no, they will enforce their justice though violence. However despite being aware of this, Alfieri offers a different opinion on the codes of society to Marco. â€Å"To promise not to kill is not dishonourable† and â€Å"Only God makes justice†. This makes the play very much more dramatic because on one hand Alfieri goes against the law advising Eddie not to snitch, and on the other hand Alfieri goes against the codes of society by telling Marco not to kill Eddie. This adds to the dramatics because we know that Alfieri’s attempts to prevent Eddie’s death will fail, he himself mentioned being â€Å"powerless†, so we continue to watch whether Marco listens to Alfieri or does go out to kill, sticking by his Italian customs. In addition, I think that Arthur Miller has decided to make one character go against the law and the other by the law to show that both the law and a person’s morale can be wrong – the law is not always correct and neither is a person’s judgement of what is right and wrong. This too makes it dramatic as the audience can now question themselves whether the steps taken by each character was right or wrong. The portrayal of Eddie Carbone in the play is, without a doubt, negative. His unnatural feeling for Catherine, his horrible behaviour towards Rodolpho and his betrayal to the cousins forces us to dislike his character. However, to conclude the play, Arthur Miller decides to express Alfieri’s sympathy for Eddie to shape our final impression of him, leaving us confused as to whether Eddie was a heroic character or a villain. †¦even as I know how wrong he was, and his death useless, I tremble†¦something perversely pure calls to me from his memory†¦for he allowed himself to be wholly known and for that I think I will love him more then all my sensible clients†. Alfieri does not stop liking Eddie because he understands what he was like. He is suggesting to us that although we recognise Eddie’s actions as immoral and wrong, perhaps we should delve deeper into what provoked Eddie to commit the crimes he did. His love for Catherine, while wrong, is pure, so should he have been punished by death? But maybe if he had listened to Alfieri and compromised with Catherine and Rodolpho’s relationship none of this would have happened. Alfieri had repeated many times, as well as in his closing monologue, that it is â€Å"better to settle for half†; making compromises is best. This is the very meaningful message Arthur Miller portrays to us through Alfieri throughout the play. To conclude, I believe Alfieri, despite not taking much part in the action, has a very vital part in the play. He is, metaphorically speaking, the bridge in the play, who has been distinctively used as a viewpoint of the story. Without him we would have been left clueless after watching the play as it is he who fills in all the gaps and answers all the unanswered questions lingering in our minds. He also raises suspense in the play like no other, enhancing our enjoyment. When Eddie is on the urge of calling the Immigration Bureau Alfieri, despite being a lawyer who should support the law, discourages Eddie from proceeding with the call. You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie! Even those who understand will turn against you, even those who feel the same will despise you! † He reminds Eddie and the audience that the society will destroy him if he informs because he is going against the codes of society. Alfieri is knowledgeable on these codes of so opposes the law as he does not want Addie to make this mistake probably because he is becoming too attached to Eddie’s story as he offers a different opinion on the codes of society to Marco. To promise not to kill is not dishonourable† and â€Å"Only God makes justice†. Both Alfieri and the audience know that Eddie’s act was against the codes of society and in the society of the time Eddie will be punished though violence as this is the only way Marco, an Italian immigrant, will obtain his justice, based on the fact that the Italians did not trust the law. But yet Alfieri went against the codes of society by telling Marco not to kill Eddie, whilst on the other hand he goes against the law advising Eddie not to inform. This make the play more dramatic because the audience know that Alfieri’s attempts to try and prevent Eddie’s death will not have worked, reinforcing that he is powerless, so they continue to see how Eddie dies. Also I think that Arthur Miller has decided to make one character go against the law and the other by the law to show that both the law and a person’s morale can be wrong – the law is not always correct and neither is a person’s judgement of what is right and wrong. This too makes it dramatic as the audience can now question themselves whetehr the steps taken by each character was right or wrong. He doesn’t stop liking Eddie, because he understands what he was like. He mourns Eddie, but with alarm, because he knows it will happen again. Alfieri is the voice of reason amongst great chaos, but chaos wins, probably because of the tense situation. I confess that something perversely pure calls to me from his memory. To what extent is it possible to feel sympathy for Eddie? Consider in your answer the part played by the Italian community in his behaviour. When Alfieri concludes his feelings at the end of the play, he is suggesting to the audience that although we recognize Eddies actions as immoral and wrong, perhaps we may still be able to sympathise with him. In order to answer this, we have to delve deeper into what provoked Eddie to commit the crimes he did, which ended eventually in his own death. At the beginning of the play, Miller wants us to recognise just how good a man Eddie can be. With his Arthur Miller ends the play in a dramatic and thought provoking way. The audience question whether Eddie deserved to die or not. All Eddie had done is fallen in love, perhaps with the wrong person, but love is a pure emotion that cannot be controlled. Eddie’s feelings lead him to call the immigration Bureau but he was not in the right state of mind as he himself was confused about his feelings for Catherine co should he have been punished by death? Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to close the play portraying a meaningful message, a phrase which he repeats many times; â€Å"And yet it is better to settle for half†. Making compromises is best. Being greedy can be regretful so it is better to be happy with what you’ve got than risk your life for more. Although Alfiieri does not take much part in the action, he has a vital role in the play. He is the narrator, the lawyer and the mediator (he tries to keep the peace). He is, metaphorically speaking, the bridge in the title. He is separate from the main action so could be described as looking down on it. He also links the Italian American community with America itself in terms of its laws which do not necessarily reflect traditional Italian views on justice. Significantly by the title â€Å"A view from the bridge†, this is indeed exactly the role of Alfieri’s character. Miller uses distinctively the character of Alfieri as a viewpoint of the story , something he does in a very elegant and dynamic way. In conclusion, Alfieri’s role within this play makes it entertaining, enjoyable and easier to understand for the audience. I believe that without Alfieri the play would not have binded well therefore the audience would not have had a good understanding. It’s like having a building without its foundation. Arthur Miller’s use of Alfieri managed to draw in the audience’s attention, build up suspense at the beginning of the play, make it clear why certain events took place and why characters behave the way they do, so I think that without Alfieri, ‘A View From The Bridge’ will be meaningless and confusing to watch.

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies Abstract: Atomic radius is the physical size of an atom while ionization energy is the energy required to completely pull one electron away from an atom. When it comes to the periodic table, there are accepted periodic trends for both atomic radius and ionization energy. However, there are some instances in which certain elements do not follow the predetermined periodic trends. These are areas in which trend anomalies occur. On the attached graph, four such anomalies are circled, but only three will be discussed: anomaly #2, anomaly #3, and anomaly #4. The purpose of this report is to explain what about these specified regions is unpredictable, and give a concise reasoning, in relation to electron configuration, as to why the anomalies occur. Ionization Energy: The general trend for ionization energy is that it increases up a group and also increases from left to right. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear consecutively on the periodic table, the left to right trend will be given focus. The reasoning for theis trend is dependent upon the Zeff. The Zeff increases concurrently with the number of protons in an atoms nucleus. The more protons in a nucleus, the more attraction there is between the individual electrons and the nucleus which in turn means a larger Zeff.The higher the Zeff, the closer the electrons are held to the nucleus and therefore, the more energy is required to separate those electrons from the atom. However, in some cases this trend does not apply to certain elements. The following anomalies occur with respect to the trend of ionization energy on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #2: Elements 7 8 The second anomaly found on the graph occurs at elements 7 and 8, Nitrogen and Oxygen. On the periodic table Nitrogen is element 7, indicating that is has 7 protons in its nucleus while Oxygen is element 8, indicating that is has 8 protons in its nucleus. Due to the fact that Oxygen has a larger number of protons in its nucleus, it should also have a larger Zeff. The larger Zeff means that there should be a greater attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, giving Oxygen a higher ionization energy than Nitrogen. This, however, is not the case. In fact, Nitrogen has a higher ionization energy that Oxygen. To understand why this occurs, the electron configurations of both elements should be taken into account. Nitrogen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p3 while Oxygen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p4. Nitrogens p-orbital is exactly half full, with having 3 of a potential 6 electrons present. This configuration is considered to be a more stable one because there is an equal exchange of energies between the electrons of the 2p-orbital. This configuration is also considered to be more stable than the configuration of Oxygen, which has 4 electrons, more than half, in its p-orbital (Boudreaux, 2017). The increased stability of Nitrogen means that it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does to pull electrons from the less stable Oxygen (Woodward, 2017). This kind of anomaly also occurs at elements 15 and 16, Phosphorous and Sulfur. The two elements are in the same periodic groups as Oxygen and Nitrogen. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous has an exactly half full p-orbital, with 3 out of 6 possible electrons. Sulfur however, has a p-orbital with 4 electrons. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous is considered to have a more stable configuration because the energy levels in the p-orbital are distributed evenly, while the energy levels in the p-orbital of Sulfur are not. Due to this increased stability in takes more energy to pull electrons from Phosphorous than it does for Sulfur, just as it does nor Nitrogen and Oxygen, despite the fact that the periodic trend for ionization energy would predict the exact opposite. Anomaly #3: Elements 45-50 The third anomaly on the graph occurs from elements 45 to 50; Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Cadmium, Indium, and Tin.ÂÂ   Based on the periodic trend for ionization energy, the ionization energy should gradually increase as the graph goes from element 45, Rhodium, to element 50, Tin. This should occur because each consecutive element has more protons in its nucleus than the last, meaning a larger Zeff and by extension, a larger ionization energy. This does not occur though. Instead, starting at Rhodium, the elements follow and up, down, up, down pattern with Rhodium and Tin marking the ending and the re-starting of the regular pattern, respectively. To better understand why this anomaly occurs the following table should be taken into consideration: Atomic Number Element Electron Configuration 45 Rhodium 5s14d8 46 Palladium 4d10 47 Silver 5s14d10 48 Cadmium 5s24d10 49 Indium 5s25p1 50 Tin 5s25p2 As previously stated these elements form a pattern that goes up, down, up, down with Rhodium marking the end of the previously regular trend and Tin marking the re-start of that trend. The first element that shoots up in ionization energy is Palladium. Palladium has a much larger ionization energy than Rhodium. This is because Palladium has a full d-orbital while Rhodium does not. Palladiums full d-orbital makes it a more stable element, because its valence orbital is satisfied, than Rhodium therefore, it takes more energy to pull electrons from Palladiums orbit than it does to pull them from Rhodiums. Silvers ionization energy it much lower than Palladiums however, and it is the first of the elements to go down in the pattern. While Silver does have a full d-orbital, it also has a half full s-orbital. Due to the fact that there is a half full s-orbital, Silvers orbitals are no longer satisfied. Palladium, however, still has a full d-orbital, with no electrons in the s-orbital, makin g it the more stable configuration. Once again, Palladium has the larger ionization energy because it is considered to have a more stable configuration, and it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does for Silver. After Silver comes Cadmium. Cadmium is the second up element in the pattern. While both of the elements, Silver and Cadmium, have full d-orbitals, Cadmium also has a full s-orbital. Due to the fact that Cadmium has both s and d-orbitals full it is considered to have a more stable configuration than Silver, explaining why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy that Silver does. The next element to go down in the pattern is Indium. Cadmium is an extremely stable element because both its s and d-orbitals are full. Indium, however, has only 1 electron in its p-orbital making it a much less stable configuration than that of Cadmium (Barrens, 2007). Due to the fact that Indium is much less stable than Cadmium, it takes less energy to pull electrons from its orbit, giving reason to why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy than Indium. The last element in the pattern, Tin, marks the re-start of the general ionization energy trend. Even though the electron configuration of Indium and Tin are very similar, Indium only has 1 electron in its p-orbital while Tin has 2. Despite the fact that the elements have similar configurations Tin is still considered to be a more stable element and therefore it has a larger ionization energy than Indium. After Tin, the accepted trend for ionization energy begins again. In relation to the huge jump in ionization energy between Cadmium and Indium, Zinc and Gallium also demonstrate the same kind of jump. Zinc and Gallium are in the same periodic groups as Cadmium and Indium. Zinc has an electron configuration of 4s23d10 while Gallium has an electron configuration of 4s24p1. Once again, Zinc`s 4s and 3d-orbitals are full, meaning it has a more stable configuration then Gallium, explaining why it has a high ionization energy. It should also be noted that the big drop in ionization energy occurs when a new subshell starts. The starting of a new subshell decreases the stability of an atoms configuration, making it easier to pull electrons from the orbit of that atom (Wiberg Wiberg, 2001). Atomic Radius: The accepted periodic trend for atomic radius is as follows: atomic radius increases down a group as well as from right to left on the periodic table. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear side by side on the table, focus will be given to the right to left trend. Atomic radii decrease from left to right due to the fact that effective nuclear charge, Zeff, increases from left to right. The Zeff is the overall pull an electron feels from the nucleus; the greater the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, the greater the Zeff. This means that as the number of protons in the nucleus increases, so does the Zeff because there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and the individual electrons. The greater the pull of the electrons to the nucleus the smaller the atomic radius. This trend, however, is not always followed. The following anomaly occurs with respect to the trend for atomic radius on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #4: Elements 58 to 72 First Row Inner-transition Metals This anomaly occurs from element 58 to 71, Cerium to Hafnium. Based on the trend explained above, the atomic radius for these elements should increase from Hafnium to Cerium due to the fact that each element, going backwards, has less protons in its nucleus than the last, therefore, having a smaller Zeff. This, however, does not occur and instead the graph shows the inner-transition metals to have almost or exactly the same atomic radii. This anomaly occurs due to what is called Lanthanoid contraction. To understand this anomaly the electron configuration of these elements must be taken into consideration. All of these elements have a 4f-orbital, which makes them unique (NCERT, 2017). Typically, atomic radius tends to decrease when moving from left to right on the periodic table because there is room for more electrons in the existing energy levels.ÂÂ   When more electrons are added to these energy levels atomic radius tends to get smaller because the additional protons attract the electrons more, and pull the outer shell of electrons closer to the nucleus. This does not happen with electrons in the f-orbitals though. Instead of electrons being added to the outer shell of the atom, electrons are added to an inner-shell where f-orbital elements are concerned (Wicks, 2015). This causes a shielding effect. The shielding effect occurs when the inner-shell electrons shield the outer-shell electrons from the full magn itude of the nuclear charge, or attraction to the nucleus (Bains, 2014). This shielding effect is Lanthanoid contraction.ÂÂ   In elements 58 to 71, Lanthanoid contraction causes the 4f electrons to shield each other from their attraction to the nucleus. Due to the fact that these elements do not feel the full attraction of the nucleus the atomic radius does not increase a large amount. This explains why the inner-transition metals have atomic radii that are very similar, and do not differ very much in magnitude (Encyclopedia, 2011). References Bains, Amrit. (2014). Lanthanide Contraction. Retrieved from Chemistry LibreTexts: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions/Lanthanide_Contraction Barrens, Richard. (2007). Zinc and Gallium Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Students` Technical Activities Body : https://stab-iitb.org/newton-mirror/askasci/chem07/chem07038.htm Boudreaux, Kevin. (2017). Periodic Trends Ionization Energy. Retrieved from Angelo State University: https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/trends_ionization_energy.htm Britannica Encyclopedia. (2011). Lanthanois Contraction . Retrieved from Britannica Encyclopedia : https://www.britannica.com/science/lanthanoid-contraction NCERT (National Council for Edication and Training). (2017). The d- and f- block Elements. Retrieved from National Council for Education and Training : http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lech108.pdf Wiberg, Egon., Wiberg, Nils. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. In E. Wiberg, N. Wiberg, Inorganic Chemistry (p. 1306). San Diego: Academic Press. Wicks, Kurt. (2015). Exceptions to the General Trend for Atomic Radius. Retrieved from Chemistry Lecture Notes: http://www.chemistrylecturenotes.com/html/exceptions_to_the_general_tren.html Woodward, Pat. (2017). Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Ohio State University : http://cbc-wb01x.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~woodward/ch121/ch7_ie.htm

Othellos Loss for Words Essay -- Othello William Shakespeare Essays

Othello’s Loss for Words Othello’s character throughout the play demonstrates a skill and confidence in the art of language. From the beginning we see long, eloquent speeches that dazzle his audience – eloquently mixing complex words that help portray him as not only a strong warrior but also a fighter with a sound mind. However when Iago pressures him about the possible relationship between his wife Desdemona and Cassio, Othello’s passion for his beloved wife breaks down his self-control. In the next few pages I will demonstrate how Othello’s speech during the beginning of the play helps to strengthen his character, and by his death, he’s but a stuttering empty shell of a man. In addition, we’ll compare the language of the moor with that of Iago and see how anti-heroic words shape the way we see this self-interested character. During the third scene of the first act, Othello speaks eloquently about how he’s won and married Desdemona. This is a beautiful forty-line speech that really shows his capacity to articulate and communicate effectively before the higher court. The language that he uses helps us see Othello as a true, confident leader. Shakespeare writes: Hath this extent, no more, Rude am I in my speech, And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace, For since these arms of mine had seven years pith Till now some nine moons wasted, they have used Their dearest action in the tented field And little of this great world can I speak More than pertains to feats of broils and battle. (I.iii.81-87) Here Othello uses irony to subtly demonstrate his grasp of the English language. His claim that he is â€Å"rude† in speech is particularly revealing because he knows all too well that no one in that room would believe that he has rudimentary abilities. Similarly, the remaining line of this example shows us his poise with regard to physical strength and the leading of armies. Ultimately, use of this kind of language reflects Othello’s lofty ideals. From the onset, we are given words that mirror powerful, dramatic images that know no bounds – and with that, we see his strength and passion for being both an idealized military general and a devoted, loving husband. In contrast, if we look at the language of Iago we see long soliloqui... ...use of animal imagery continuing as before. In the final act of the play we see Iago’s language shift from long lines filled with evil thoughts to shorter sentences – much like Othello in act four. However, Iago’s slyness remains. Shakespeare writes: I have rubbed this young quat almost to the sense, And he grows angry. Now, whether he kill Cassio Or Cassio him, or each do kill each other, Every way makes my gain. (V.i.11-14) It isn’t until Othello begins to understand what has happened that we see a shift in each characters word selections. Once Othello slowly comes to realize Iago was behind the scandal, his confidence in speech begins to come back – and we start to notice more coherent thought. It’s interesting to think about how words play the most crucial role in creating imagery for an audience. In the case of these two characters, particularly Othello, the emotional wave he rode was only represented by his ever-changing use of words. In the beginning, we cheered for him – and by the end of play we weren’t sure what to think. Had he become as evil as Iago? Iago on the other hand, well, he’s just Iago.

Scuba Diving Essay -- essays research papers

This Essay will illustrate some of the basic aspects of scuba diving. It will show the steps involved in assembling the scuba gear. The price range of scuba gear. The basic principles of diving, and were to go to get certified in scuba diving. It will also reveal some fun things that can be done while diving . The assembly of the scuba gear is very simple. First have your tank filled to the recommended amount of pressure (usually 3000 psi). Take the tank with the valve handle to the right, and set it in front of you. Next take the Buoyancy Compensator (B.C.) and attach it to the tank by putting the straps around the tank and tightening them. After the tank is secure, check to make sure that the O’ring on the valve of the tank is in place and in good condition. loosen the first stage of the regulator and place it over the valve of the tank. Then tighten the first stage securely, but not overly tight. Attach your octopus to the B.C. Then Pick up the pressure gauge and point it away from the body, and others. Turn the handle on the tank, to supply the regulator and gauges with air pressure. The gauges are pointed away from the body to avoid injury if the gauge were to malfunction. Listen for any leaks, and read the gauge and make sure that it is some what close to the pressure that was put in to the tank. Last you need to inflate the B.C.,and purge the regulator to make sure that they work properly. The gear is now ready to be used. Scuba gear is very affordable. Sc...

Cultural Models and Cultural Dimensions

Cultural Models and Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede) Cultural studies are not a unified theory but a diverse field of study encompassing many different approaches, methods and academic perspectives. As in any academic discipline, cultural studies academics frequently debate among themselves. Cross-cultural communication, as in many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.There exists no uniform evaluation system or model of cultural aspects to date. However, the variety of the available models much more illustrates how multifaceted the approach can be. Nevertheless, there are some common dimensions for the most cultural models such as concept of time and space, equal (or non-equal) rights of men and women and position of the individual in the society. The most popular cultural models come primarily from the English-speaking researches: Hall (1989), Hofstede (1991), Oksaar (1988).Wierzbick a is famous for her work in semantics, pragmatics, and cross-cultural linguistics and has established the idea of so called Universal Human Concepts and their realisation in the language (Wierzbicka, 1992). Looking for an appropriate basis cultural model for this research a short comparison of the most known models needs to be done. The differences begin at the definition of culture or even at avoiding any definition, at the objectiveness level (e. g. amount and homogeneity of the interviewed persons) as well as at use of different cultural dimensions.Table 6 contains a comparison between three most popular cultural models of Hofstede, Hall and Gesteland though the latter should be concerned more as a collection of a life experience in how to behave in business with success worldwide. Table 6: Comparison of Cultural Models (Astapenko, 2008: 92) This comparison demonstrates the lack of homogeneity of the research basis. While the amount of the interviews done by Hall is relatively hi gh, he surveys only three countries. Gesteland on his hand does his research without any statistics using his own experience.Comparing to this the cultural model of Hofstede is more representative and homogeneous. He worked on interviews of IBM-employees in over 50 countries who therefore work in the same sector in comparable positions and have a similar social status. It is obviously that every cultural model has to be approached with great caution and an uncritical reading of cultural dimensions can lead to false conclusions. But even if Hofstede's conceptualization of culture has attracted some criticism he is though one of the most renowned and most cited experts.The continuity of his researches can be observed over decades and the approach of his scientific school is still being applied and improved. Moreover, his research approach establishes a connection to the active prevention measures mentioned in Chapter 2. As his classification system will be used to make a comparison of the involved regions later in this chapter, it adds to the consistency of this report to explain his definition. Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others† (Hofstede et al. , 2010: 6).Investigating culture is an attempt to catch general trends among a large group of people on a very general level. Therefore, the findings in this report should not be applied on an individual level, as this may lead to miscommunication or even stigmatisation. There are different levels of culture (national, regional, ethnic, religious, gender, social class or even organisational level) but regarding Transferability of Road Safety measures the national level was suggested to be the subject for further research. Strictly speaking, the concept of a common culture applies to societies, not to nations.Based on elaborate research from 1967 to 1973, Hofstede developed a model that tries to cap ture †culture† through scores on four values, so-called cultural dimensions (given below). Later researches added further dimensions which cannot be fully evaluated here due to other focuses in this project. The complete description of the cultural dimensions can be found on the website (Hofstede, 2011). The four main dimensions according to Hofstede are: †¢ Power Distance Index (PDI): the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.Individualism (IDV): the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. †¢ †¢ Masculinity (MAS): refers to the distribution of roles and values between the genders. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. Based on the values for these dimensions of the 19 European countries for which cultural dimension scores are available, an average European score was calculated. After a comparison between Europe, India and Brazil based on the official study data from Hofstede the research for metropolitan areas of Sao Paulo and Delhi which was done for this particular project by the local partners using the questionnaire of Hofstede is being presented.On the basis of its results the project partners awareness of the cultural differences and similarities between Brazil, India and Europe should be sharpened in order to consider them during the transfer of European Safety measures to Emerging Economies. This allows to avoid misunderstandings and to exclude from the beginning those measures which cannot be transferred due to cultural reasons. 1. 1. 1. Comparison of Cultural Dimensions of Europe, Brazil and IndiaA first issue that arises when comparing the regions that are cooperating in SaferBraIn is the difference in analysis levels: how should one compare the cultures of two countries (India and Brazil) with the culture of a continent (Europe)? Having some insight in the European states cultures, it is safe to say that significant differences can be noted between the European member states. Therefore an average European score was calculated based on a mathematical analysis of Hofstede’s cultural dimension scores.Even if there are in some cases crucial differences between European countries like Italy and Germany, Spain and Sweden, this average score allows comparing the cultures of Europe, India and Brazil. The next figure presents the scores on the four dimensions for these three regions. It must be stressed at this stage that it is not the authors’ intention to make hard statements about cultures. As was indicated before, Hofstede’s research can only be used to descr ibe general trends in the average culture of a country. This should under no circumstances be translated to an individual level.Figure 20: Comparison of Europe-India-Brazil on Hofstede’s 4 cultural dimensions Figure 20 indicates that the power distance is relatively large in India and Brazil, compared to Europe. This could mean that individuals in these two countries operate in a more hierarchical system. Following Hofstede’s definition, hierarchy in India and Brazil is not only accepted, it is also expected. It may be interesting to keep this in mind when analyzing the corresponding traffic systems and when designing pilots to be implemented in these two countries.Especially concerning the enforcement of safety measures, the strong power orientation influences its exercising. It is known that Brazil and India already have many road facilities and road safety measures but they are not proper used by population. Due to that stronger enforcement measures are needed to im prove the acceptance of new technologies and facilities. One can also notice that Europe appears to have a more individualist culture than India and Brazil. This tendency toward individualism can be found in several Western countries. The United States of America for example, have a score of 91 on Hofstede’s scale.Individualist cultures rely more on media and less on their social networks. Different surveys demonstrate that in an individualist culture employees are expected to act at their own responsibility and organise their work gathering their own interests with those of their employers. In a collectivist culture an employee is a part of a group and has to act according to its interest. This should be considered cooperating in pilot projects for SaferBraIn. Moreover, collectivist cultures tend to have higher power distance that individualist ones.So a strong hierarchy and acceptance of higher positioned partners can be presupposed working with India and Brazil. Considerin g vulnerable road users a health-care survey mentioned by Hofstede showed that individualist and collectivist cultures differently deal with disability. A special part of the survey was dedicated to disabled children. â€Å"In the individualist communities [†¦], people with disabilities tended to remain cheerful and optimistic, to resent dependency and being helped, and to plan for a future life as normal as possible.In the collectivist communities [†¦], there would be more expression of grief, shame, and pessimism; family members would be asked for advice and assistance, and they would make the main decisions about the person’s future† (Hofstede, 2010: 116). Translating this finding to the SaferBraIn project, it can be supposed that collectivist cultures like India and Brazil would not have sophisticated facilities for disabled VRU’s and these persons would not be well integrated in the society. This could be therefore a useful part of the safety meas ures? ransfer though the awareness of local partners cannot be assumed. The scores on the masculinity dimension show the smallest differences between the investigated regions. The scores are about 50-60 which can be interpreted as a quite balanced value between masculinity and femininity in the compared countries. However, one can notice that Europe has the highest score. A thorough look at Hofstede’s full definition for this dimension could interpret it as follows: Europe has a more assertive culture overall than India and Brazil, while India and Brazil have a slightly more modest culture.In relation to this report, it may be important to safeguard these cultures’ higher need for modesty. Even if the masculinity dimensions scores are very different within Europe, the average score demonstrates the predominant masculine character. In masculine societies there is a feeling that conflicts should be resolved by a â€Å"good fight†, where challenge, earnings, recogn ition, and advancement are important, whereas in feminine cultures there is a preference for resolving conflicts by compromise and negotiation focused on relationships.Since the score’s difference for surveyed countries are minimal, this dimension cannot evoke critical misunderstandings within SaferBraIn project. Finally, the level of Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) shows strong differences between the three regions. Though, UA is not the same as risk avoidance and these two concepts should not be mixed. Risk is focused on something specific and refers on a known and expected event. Avoiding risk we prevent something what we can foresee and not what is completely unpredictable.Hence, it would be incorrect to conclude that showing a relatively low level of UA, a potentially higher sense for risk taking can be assumed for India. Cultures with high Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) like Brazil or to a lesser extent Europe shun ambiguous situations and try to prevent them with more la ws, rules, and regulations. Brazil has more law schools than all countries in the world together. There are 1,240 higher education courses for the training of lawyers in the country while the rest of the planet comes to about 1,100 universities (CNJ, 2010).Cultures with low UAI like India believe that many problems can be solved without formal rules and that the latter should be established only in case of absolute necessity. Paradoxically in countries with weak UA where rules are less scared they are often better followed. Translating these findings to the needs of SaferBraIn even when European experts can expect hindered possibilities for Road Safety measures enforcement due to low legacy level in India they can presuppose their better acceptance. On the contrary in Brazil it is assumed that every measure would first need a legal regulation.However, in countries with strong UA laws can fulfil a need for security even when they are not followed. Another finding done by Hofstede tha t is relevant for SaferBraIn shows an interesting correlation between the strength of UA and the maximum speeds allowed in the country. â€Å"The relationship is positive: stronger uncertainty avoidance means faster driving. Faster driving, other things being equal, means more fatal accidents, thus more risk. However, this is a familiar risk, which uncertainty-avoiding cultures do not mind running.Their emotionality provides them with a sense of stress, of urgency, which in turn leads to wanting to drive faster. The higher speed limits in stronger uncertainty-avoidance countries show, in fact, a priority of saving time over saving lives† (Hofstede, 2010: 198). 1. 1. 2. Cultural Research for metropolitan areas in Brazil and India Brazil and India are countries of contrasts concerning climate, geography, income distribution, and educational level of its people. Because of the diversity we cannot consider that knowing the country’s culture we also know cultural dimensions of its metropolitan areas.For this reason the Hofstede? s theory of Cultural Dimensions using the interviews based on his questionnaire was applied in Sao Paulo city and Delhi – the big metropolises which can be compared in their extension and live rhythm and in which the use of western experience can be assumed. Local partners (IMR for Brazil and A+S for India) have initiated interviews of about 200 people each in Sao Paulo and Delhi to have representative scores for these metropolitan areas. Of course, analogue researches can be done for every region or city where the transfer of safety measures is planned.The detailed information to the results of these researches can be found in Annexes 6 and 7. Though, the difficulties with the questionnaire are worth to be shortly mentioned at this point. Although questionnaires in local languages (Portuguese and Hindi) were used, the interviewees in India could not always interpret question unambiguously. It was established especially dealing with lower and lower middle class that a certain level of education is affordable for the answers. Many easy understandable issues from the European point of view needed to be explained.In contrary, the upper-class representatives preferred to use the English version of the questionnaire. The main outcomes of the research are the differences between Individualism (IDV) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) scores. For Brazil also the Masculinity (MAS) score features diverse scores. Power Distance Index (PDI) remains very similar in Brazil and India for both country average and metropolitan area (Figure 21). Figure 21: Comparison PDI incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi As mentioned before countries with high PDI tend to have well-built hierarchical relations within the society and need strong enforcement.Concerning wearing of helmets to protect two-wheelers, Error! Reference source not found. should be studied. Following the law, the motorcycle driver is wearing a helmet. At the same time m ore vulnerable passengers (two children and the lady) are not protected. Hence, only the stronger member of the family, having more power, is protected. Figure 22: Using helmet on motorcycle in India IDV (Figure 23) shows very high divergence between the country average and metropolitan area in both Brazil and India.Though, the development goes in both countries in opposite directions. While the inhabitants of Sao Paulo turn out to be extremely individualistic the population in Delhi tends to more collectivism. Figure 23: Comparison IDV incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi With reference to the assumption in Chapter 4. 3. 2 according the interrelation between the individualism score and the treating of disabled following examples can be used due to motivate this assumption. Delhi roads are equipped with convenient, wide footpaths.Though, the level of most kerbs on Delhi roads is inconveniently high (Figure 24). This prompts pedestrians to walk along the roadside especially when they have physi cal problems in climbing high steps. Figure 24: High kerbs in India However, in modern projects like the Rapid Bus Corridor (RBC) in Delhi a segregated and safe corridor for pedestrians and non-motorized transport is provided. Also for the VRU with disabilities special facilities like dropped kerbs, low floor buses or platform-bus adjustment are provided.In the City of Sao Paulo, where the individuality score is very high, dropped kerbs and tactile pavements are applied on most major junctions in the consolidated part of the road system (Figure 25). Figure 25: Tactile pavements in Sao Paulo Another example for extremely low IDV in Delhi is the unspoken rule to never cross the street alone. They always wait to gather a group of some persons and cross the street in a crowd feeling safer as a part of a group and providing counterweight to motorised traffic (Figure 26).Figure 26: Crossing the street in Delhi Traffic rules require motorists to stop once a pedestrian steps on the zebra cr ossing. Practically this rule is not being followed, and crossing busy roads at zebra crossings is as dangerous for pedestrians as elsewhere. Pedestrians cross roads either in larger groups or whenever opportunity occurs. Concerning Masculinity score the research shows that Sao Paulo has a very high MAS (Figure 27), even higher that the European average. Therefore a conclusion can be drawn that the society of Sao Paulo is more oriented on financial recognition, earning and challenges.Possessing a big and expensive car means to be more powerful and respected. For this reason VRU have to subordinate whether crossing the street or waiting for a car blocking the footpath while garage or property. However, when a pedestrian shows his power by stepping to the road and focusing directly and self-confident on the driver he will be accepted and the car will let him cross the street. Figure 27: Comparison MAS incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi In Delhi even having an expensive do not automatically mea ns to be more powerful.These cars can be scratched and damaged the same way as a simple rickshaw. Even animals are seen as the most vulnerable road users and are equal to others. These facts are related to the very low IDV which means that this society is relationship-oriented and tries to solve conflicts by compromise. Similar to IDV the tendency of the score for UAI develops in the opposite direction between the country average and metropolitan area (Figure 28). In Brazil it is drastically decreasing for Sao Paulo, in India it is slightly increasing for Delhi.It can be therefore concluded that in Sao Paulo new safety measures being to a certain degree always ambiguous would be easier accepted. On the contrary, in Delhi more enforcement and education measures would be needed to promote acceptance of new safety measures. Figure 28: Comparison UAI incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi To sum up the research has identified several crucial differences between the countries? scores and the scores f or metropolitan areas. It is important to consider it when talking about transferability of road safety measures or working on pilot projects.